TOPIC 2: MOVEMENT | BIOLOGY FORM 3

Concept of Movement and Locomotion

The Concept of Movement and Locomotion

Explain the concept of movement and locomotion

Movement
refers to change of position and posture. Therefore the change of
position of body parts such as limbs and other body parts.

Locomotion is the movement or change of position of the whole organism from one place to another.

But normally organisms have different kinds of movement. Plants show movement but do not show locomotion.

Since
locomotion involves coordination between nervous muscular and skeletal
system and all these system enable the organism to locomote.

The Importance of Movement in Animals and Plants

Explain the importance of movement in animals and plants

Animals and plants move about to:

Find a mate and to reproduce
Escape danger
Seek and capture food
To seek shelter, a suitable habitat/climate
To avoid competition for food/water, living space etc
Find water/soil nutrients, and hold leaves to get maximum sunlight
Seek and capture food
Obtain support
Protect themselves from damage from: touch/pressure, pain or sudden temperature change
Disperse seeds

Movement and Locomotion Actions

Demonstrate movement and locomotion actions

Demonstration of movement and locomotion

Movement action

Locomotion action

Movement of the Human Body, the Human Skeletal System

The Structures of Human Skeleton

Describe the structures of human skeleton

The
contraction and relaxation of muscles cause muscular movement in
vertebrate organisms such as man. The muscles work together with
skeletal system to support or allow movement to occur.BONES, CARTILAGE, JOINTS AND MUSCLES

The Functions of the Major Components of the Human Skeleton and their Adaptations

Explain the functions of the major components of the human skeleton and their adaptations

Major Components of the Human Skeleton includeBones, Cartilage, Joints and Muscles

Bones

Bones
consist of living cells embedded in a hard substance made mainly: The
bones are attached together at the joints by tough flexible fibers known
as ligaments

Bones are classified in to long, short, irregular bones and flat.

Short bones these are short bones, which support weight allowing for many smaller movements. Example bones on the human feet.
Long bones
these are strong, hollow and light containing spongy bone at the end.
And spongy bone has open space and holes, which contain red marrow,
which is where red cells are made. Example bones on the legs and arms.
Flat bones these are bones, which support and protect body organs, these comprises ribs, breastbone, shoulder bones etc.
Irregular bones these bones are for support and such bones are vertebrae also human ear has three tiny irregular bones, which conduct sound.

Cartilage

Besides
bones, the skeletal system has tissue called cartilage. It’s the strong
flexible tissue that gives shape to some parts of the body

The cartilage keeps bones from grinding against each other, between vertebrae cartilage disks act as shock absorbers

Before birth bones are made mostly of cartilage whose cells absorb calcium after birth to produce bones

Joints

The human skeleton has about seventy movable joints.

Pivot Joint:This is the type of joint, which allows one bone to twist against another

NB. Joint is the point where two or more bones meet

Pivot joint allows movement in several directions

Hinge joint is the joint which allows movement in one direction Example elbow

Functions of Skeleton include:

The human skeleton provides mechanical support for the body
Protection for internal organs e.g. skeleton of head protects the brain while chest bones protect soft organs such as the heart
Skeleton functions as framework for anchoring the muscles
Skeleton, together with muscles, function to bring about movement in an organism

Muscles and Movement

The Concept of Muscles

Explain the concept of muscles

A
muscle is a tissue consisting of cells that have the capacity to
contract and exert a pull. Muscles are made up of specialized tissues,
which are known as contractile tissues. When these tissues contract they
become shorter and tighter, as a result they cause movement. All
muscles are made up of elongated cells called muscle fibers.

Types of Muscles

Mention types of muscles

There
are three kinds of muscles in the body of a mammal. These muscles are
skeletal muscles (voluntary), smooth (involuntary) muscles and cardiac
muscles.

How Muscles Facilitate Movement

Demonstrate how muscles facilitate movement

Muscles are attached to bones at two points:

At one point a muscle is usually attached to an immovable bone and other end to a movable bone.
Muscles
may be attached directly or indirectly by means of tendons. Tendons are
tough whitish cords of fibrous materials which connect a bone and a
muscle
Muscles can contract and relax, but not expand when
muscle contracts it becomes shorter and thicker and hence, exerts a
pulling force on bone to which it is attached at a point of insertion.
When a muscle relaxes, it lengthens and becomes thinner
Most
muscles act in pairs in such a manner that when one member of the pair
contracts the other member relaxes. This means that they never contract
or relax at the same time
Muscles acting in pairs in this manner
are known as antagonistic muscles. One member of the pair is called
extensor while the other member is the flexor

The
figure below shows how the two muscles of the upper arms that is the
biceps and triceps muscles bringing about the bending and straightening
of the limb.

When
the triceps (extensor) muscle contracts the limb is straightened. The
contraction of the triceps is accompanied by the relaxation of the
biceps (flexor). When the biceps muscle contracts the arm bends.

The Structure of Muscles

Describe the structure of muscles

Structure of mucles

Adaptations of Different Types of Muscles to their Roles

Explain adaptations of different types of muscles to their roles

Skeletal Muscles

These are the muscles, which are attached to bones of the skeleton
The skeletal muscles contract powerfully and fatigue quickly
Their contractions are controlled by the brain for this reason they are called voluntary muscles

Function of Skeletal Muscles

Skeletal muscles are concerned with the movement of the limbs and parts of the skeleton

Smooth Muscles

Smooth (involuntary) muscles are found on the walls of internal organs such as alimentary canal, blood vessels and bladder.

These muscles are made up of cells which taper at both ends (spindle shaped)
Smooth muscles contract slowly
The contraction of the smooth muscle is involuntary (it is not controlled by the brain)

Function of Smooth Muscles

The
smooth muscles, which are formed in different organs contract and relax
to cause movements of materials through them. Example: peristalsis in
alimentary canal causes movements of the materials through the canal
with the help of smooth muscles.

Cardiac Muscles

This
is the type of muscle, which is found only in the heart. These muscles
are made up of muscle fibers which branch and connect to each other like
a network.

Function

Contraction of cardiac muscles causes the heart to keep on pumping (i.e. heart beat)

Causes, Effects and Preventive Measures of Muscles Cramps

Explain causes effects and preventive measures of m cramps

A
muscle cramp is an involuntary and forcibly contracted muscle that does
not relax. The cramp may involve a part of muscle, the entire muscle or
several muscles that usually act together. Any of the muscles that are
not at our voluntary control can cramp.

Sometimes
it occurs when the body lacks salt especially for those people who work
hard in hot weather they sweat a lot and get painful cramps in their
legs, arms or stomach.

Causes Muscle Cramps

There are basically two major causes of muscle cramps that are:

Lack of water or salt in the body
Lack of oxygen in the muscles (inadequate oxygenation of muscles)

Prevention of Muscle Crampa

Cramps from poor breathing (lack of oxygen) can be improved by rapid breathing as well as stretching the muscles
A
muscle cramp from lack of water or salt can be treated by stretching
the muscles and drinking many glasses of water, which contain salt so as
to replace the amount of salt lost in the body

Treatment of Muscle Cramps

Applying
a soft massage on the cramped muscle, stretching the muscle and
applying oil ointment on the affected area, can treat a muscle cramp.

Movement in Plants

The Concept of Movement in Plants (Movement of Curvature)

Explain the concept of movement in plants (movement of curvature)

Generally
plants do not show locomotion (movement of the entire organism).
However, movement of individual plant organs is possible and modified by
sensitivity of the plant to external stimuli.

Plant movements in response to internal stimuli are known as spontaneous movement.
Examples of these movements are metabolic conditions, disease
conditions, vex ages and parental influence Those movements shown by
plants in response to external stimuli are known as induced or irritablemovements.

Types of Movement Exhibited by Plants

Mention types of movement exhibited by plants

Normally there are two types of plant movements, which are:

Spontaneous movement
Induced (irritable) movement

Spontaneous Movement
is plant movement in response to internal stimuli. Example of these
movements are metabolic conditions, disease conditions, vex ages and
parental influences

Induced or Irritable Movement
is the type of plant movement shown by plants in response to external
stimuli. Light, temperature, gravity, touch, water and chemical
substances are examples of induced movement.

Induced movements include nastic movement, tactic movement and tropic movement.

A summary of the types of movements shown by plants in response to stimuli.

STIMULI

Light
Chemicals
Water
Temperature
Contact
Gravity
Gravitactic or Gravitaxis

Tropic Movements in Plants

Tropic
movements are the growth movements shown by a fixed part of a
stationary plant towards or away from a stimulus coming from one
direction. Tropic movements are also known as tropism movements.

Tropic
(tropism) is growth movements, which take place at a very slow pace.
The growth movement is caused by an increased or decreased rate of
growth on the side of the organ, which is under the influence of the
stimulus, with respect to the opposite side. This results in growth in
curvature.

There are various types of tropic movements, these types are:

Phototropism or phototropic which is a growth movement shown by part of a fixed plant in response to light
Hydrotropism (Hydrotropic) which is growth movement in a response to water
Thigmotropism (Thigmotropic) which is the growth movement in response to touch
Chemotropism (Chemotropic) which is a growth movement made by plants towards chemicals
Thermotropism (Thermotropic), a growth movement shown in plants in response to heat.

Experiments to Investigate Movement in Plants

Carry out experiments to investigate movement in plants

An experiment to investigate movement in plants