Concept of Pressure
Pressure in Liquids
A
liquid will exert pressure on an immersed object as well as on the
walls of the container holding it. Note that the pressure exerted by
liquids is due to the weight of the liquid. Also increase in water level
in liquid cause increase in pressure.
liquid will exert pressure on an immersed object as well as on the
walls of the container holding it. Note that the pressure exerted by
liquids is due to the weight of the liquid. Also increase in water level
in liquid cause increase in pressure.
The Characteristics of Pressure in Liquids
Describe the characteristics of pressure in liquids
Note: Pressure in liquids =Force/Area
But force= hApg/A
=Hsg
Hence pressure in liquids is given as hsg.
H= Height of the liquid column
A= Area of the base
The pressure at any point in a liquid at rest then depends
- Depth
- Density of liquid
Note: It does not defend on the area
Pressure in liquids is characterized using the following parameters
- Pressure in a liquid increase with depth
- Pressure in a liquid acts equally in all directors
- Pressure in a liquid increases with increase in density of the liquid.
Mercury exerts more pressure than an equal volume of water. This because mercury is denser than water.
The Variation of Pressure with Depth in Liquids
Examine the variation of pressure with depth in liquids
Demonstration of water spurting from holes at different heights.
As
pressure at point A is low due to small height of water above it but at
point B the height increase and the distance of water increase while at
point C the height is greatest therefore the level of water distance
will be large distance.
pressure at point A is low due to small height of water above it but at
point B the height increase and the distance of water increase while at
point C the height is greatest therefore the level of water distance
will be large distance.
Demonstration of pressure in a communicating vessel
The
shape of vessel found in point A, B, C and D is different but the
pressure is the same due to the equal height (L) of the liquid above the
points.
shape of vessel found in point A, B, C and D is different but the
pressure is the same due to the equal height (L) of the liquid above the
points.
Problems Involving Pressure in Liquids
Solve problems involving Pressure in Liquids
Example 4
A cube of side 2cm is completely submerged in water so that the bottom of the cube is at a depth of 10cm. use g=10m/s2 and s=1000kg/m3
- What is different between the pressure on the bottom of the cable and the pressure on its tap?
- Determine the difference in the force on the top and bottom.
- What is the weight of the water displaced by the cube?
Solution;
Data.
Depth = 10cm = 0.1m
s = 1000kg/m3
g = 10m/s
h= 8cm= 0.08
formular
p= sgh
p=1000kg/m3x10m/s2x0.1m=1000N/m2
At the h= 0.08m p= 1000x10x0.08= 800N/m2
Change in pressure = 1000N/m =200N/m2
So that different in pressure between the bottom the top is 200N/m2
Pressure = Force/Area = P= F/A
Area =L2= (10.02)2= 0.0004m2
Distance in water 200N/m2x0.0004m2
This is the upthrust acting on the cube
Water displaced by the cube in weight= volume of the cube
Volume = l3 (2cm) 3 = 8cm3
For water, 1cm3= 1g 50.8cm3 = 8g
Weight of displaced water
mass of displaced water/100=8g = 0.08N
Example 5
Calculate the pressure at the bottom of tank of water 15m deep due to the water above it is (s=1000kg/m3).
Solution:
Data:
Height =15m
S=1000kg/m3
g= 10m/s2
Formula
Pressure in liquid sgh
= 1000x10x15=150000N/M2
The Principle of a Hydraulic Pressure
Explain the principle of a hydraulic pressure
It
state that “Any external pressure applied to the surface of an enclosed
liquid will be transmitted equally throughout liquid.”
state that “Any external pressure applied to the surface of an enclosed
liquid will be transmitted equally throughout liquid.”
Illustration of Pascal’s Principle.
Note: in all side of vessel will experience equal pressure.
The
hydraulic press works on Pascal’s principle, when using this principle a
small force converted into a large force and vice versa.
hydraulic press works on Pascal’s principle, when using this principle a
small force converted into a large force and vice versa.
From Pascal’s Principle
Note: The distance moved (d) is inversely proportional to the cross sectional area.
Example 6
The pistons of a hydraulic press have their areas given as 3.0x10-4m2 and 2×102m2 respectively. If the smaller piston is pushed down with a force of 12N, what is the force required to push the larger piston?
Soln:
Data:
F1 = 120N, A2= 2X102m2
A2 = 3X104m2
Application of Hydraulic Press
Measure pressure of a liquid
Hydraulic press is used in industries to express bulk items.
Hydraulic brake system
When
pressure is applied to the brake pedal, it pushes the piston in the
master cylinder forward creating a pressure in the brake fluid. This
pressure is transferred to the slave cylinders where it is multiplied
and pushes the brake shoes against the brake dram that is attached to
the wheel of the vehicle.
pressure is applied to the brake pedal, it pushes the piston in the
master cylinder forward creating a pressure in the brake fluid. This
pressure is transferred to the slave cylinders where it is multiplied
and pushes the brake shoes against the brake dram that is attached to
the wheel of the vehicle.
It is used in industries in the forming of metals.
Since the hydraulic press act like a lift, it is used for lifting heavy loads.
Measuring the pressure of liquids using a manometer. Manometer is the device for measuring pressure (commonly gas).
Atmospheric Pressure
The Existence of Atmospheric Pressure
Describe the existence of atmospheric pressure
Atmospheric
pressure is as a result of the weight of this layer of gases, the act
at atmospheric pressure is surrounded the layer of air consisting of a
mixture of gases.
pressure is as a result of the weight of this layer of gases, the act
at atmospheric pressure is surrounded the layer of air consisting of a
mixture of gases.
Note. The atmospheric pressure on the earth’s surface and objects on the earth is a approximately 1.01×105N/m2.
The experiment which demonstrate the existence of atmospheric pressure.
Umbler experiment
When you fill a glass timber with cord and gentle turned upside down. It will be seen that water will not poured down.
Plunger
Pulling
the plunger is not easy. This is so because all the air is squeezed out
from the table when the surrounding pressure being high the plunger
sticks.
the plunger is not easy. This is so because all the air is squeezed out
from the table when the surrounding pressure being high the plunger
sticks.
Crushed bottle
When
putting hot water in, the bottle is cooled under cold water the steam
condenses; leaving partial vacuum inside the bottle consequently the
greater atmospheric pressure outside the bottle crushes it in wards.
putting hot water in, the bottle is cooled under cold water the steam
condenses; leaving partial vacuum inside the bottle consequently the
greater atmospheric pressure outside the bottle crushes it in wards.
Applications of Atmospheric Pressure
Identify the applications of atmospheric pressure
A siphon
A siphon is applied in areas and devices that we use everyday
- It
is used in the toilet flushing cisterns (chain and ball tank). The
flush is triggered by a handle that operates a simple diaphragm like
piston pump that lifts enough water. - It is used in special rain gauges called siphon rain gauge which are able to automatically drain out excess water.
- A siphon cup is a reservoir attached to a gum.
- It is used is some drainage systems to drain water to one point.
The lift pump
A
lift pump is used to raise water from underground sources. This is a
pump that is used to lift the liquid, rather than force liquid up.
lift pump is used to raise water from underground sources. This is a
pump that is used to lift the liquid, rather than force liquid up.
A
syringe is a simple piston pump that lifts a tube. The plunger that
lifts can be pulled and pushed through inside a cylindrical tube or
barrel. This enables the syringe to take in or expel fluid through the
opening (nozzle) at the end of the tube.
syringe is a simple piston pump that lifts a tube. The plunger that
lifts can be pulled and pushed through inside a cylindrical tube or
barrel. This enables the syringe to take in or expel fluid through the
opening (nozzle) at the end of the tube.
Uses of syringe:
- They can be fitted with hypodermic needles and used to administer injections.
- They are used to measure liquids and gases in a laboratory.
- They are used to apply certain compounds such as a glue or lubricant.
Bicycle pump
This is a type of force pump that consists of a hollow metal cylinder and a movable piston.
Meassuring Atmospheric Pressure
Measure atmospheric pressure
Atmospheric pressure is measured by using barometer;
Types of barometer:
- The simple barometer
- Fortin barometer
- Aneroid barometer
This is a type of force pump that consists of a hollow metal cylinder and a movable piston.
A simple barometer is the most fundamental of the other types of barometer. The barometric liquid used is mercury.
A simple barometer consists of a hard glass tube closed at one end.
Fortin barometer
A
Fortin barometer is a modified simple barometer. It consists of an
inverted tube closed at its upper end with the lower open end immersed
in a reserve of mercury. The atmospheric pressure is measured in terms
of the height of the column of mercury.
Fortin barometer is a modified simple barometer. It consists of an
inverted tube closed at its upper end with the lower open end immersed
in a reserve of mercury. The atmospheric pressure is measured in terms
of the height of the column of mercury.
Disadvantages of Fortin barometer:
- Mercury is very expensive to use and is very toxic. For these reasons, an aneroid barometer is usually preferred.
- It is not portable as it is generally big and contains liquid.
- It must be mounted in a vertical position.
