Topic 6: Photograph Reading And Interpretation

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Photograph Reading And Interpretation

Photograph

Is an image of an object which is recorded by a camera and then printed on paper

Is a picture taken by means of chemical lights prepared on a special paper

Types of photographs

i) Horizontal photographs/Group photographs

ii) Oblique photographs

iii) Vertical photographs

1. HORIZONTAL PHOTOGRAPHS/GROUP PHOTOGRAPHS

These are photographs that are taken from the ground when the camera is at the same level as the object being photographed.

 Objects are large and clearly shown in these photographs when they are close than those far from the camera

 The fore ground and the horizon is seen but the back /dead ground is not seen

 There is no fixed scale

2. OBLIQUE PHOTOGRAPHS

^{Are the photographs taken hen a camera is slanting at an angle less than 90°. They are taken when the photographer is standing on an elevated ground and hold the camera on an angle towards the lower ground .They normally cover the horizon.}

3) VERTICAL PHOTOGRAPHS

These are photographs taken from the air with the camera directly above the object pointing vertically to the ground.

 Only the top view is seen

Instruments used to capture pictures are called air crafts or the satellites

These are various differences between 3 types of photographs as follows.

Ground photographs	Vertical photographs	Oblique photographs
Are taken when the camera is at the same level with the object	Are taken from the air vertically above objects being photographed	Are taken from the ground or from air with the camera tilted below 90⁰
They show side of the object facing the camera.	It shows only the top side of the object	Shows the top and sides of the object
Size of object near the camera are large than those far away	Objects in the center are larger than those away from the center	Objects closer the camera are larger than those far away
Show relatively small area	Show relatively large area	Show relatively largest area possible

PARTS OF PHOTOGRAPH

In order to study and refer the position in the photograph properly ,It s necessary to divide photograph into appropriate parts .The photograph is devided into three parts both horizontally and vertically .

Horizontally ,It is divided into foreground, middle ground and back ground .The foreground is the area nearest to the camera,middle ground is the area between foreground and the back ground ,where as background is the furthest area from the camera.

Middle ground is the area between foreground and the background, where as background is the farthest area from the camera.

For case of description of location onto features on the photograph it is appropriate to use these division.

Left	Centre	Right
left background	central background	right background
left middle ground	central middle ground	Right middle background
left foreground	central foreground	right foreground

The table gives appropriate description of both horizontal and vertical interpretation of photograph

READING AND INTERPRETATION OF PHOTOGRAPH

Is the process of reading, measuring, translating and explaining the meaning of objects identified on that photograph.

It is done so as to obtain reliable information about the natural or cultural features on their environments.

It involves the following;

 Determining the title

 Estimating time and the season

 Estimating direction

 Identifying and interpreting physical features

 Identifying and interpreting human activities

 Estimating the size of phenomena

 Suggesting possible location of the scenery in the place

DETERMINING THE TITLE

Can be obtained by carefully studying the photograph, information determines the choice of the title. Photos show landscapes, activities on land, what is on the surface and the sky. The information contained in the foreground, middle ground and dead ground can help in determining a suitable title

ESTIMATING TIME AND SEASON

It is possible to estimate the time of day when the photo was taken if we know where the photograph was taken

1) If the photo was taken during the morning its evidence is through the shadow

During the morning

The shadow of the object lies in the western side because the sun rises from the east

2) During the evening

The shadow lies in the eastern side because the sun sets on the west

3) During the after noon

The shadow lies around the object because the sun is over head of the object

SEASONS

A bright sky with dry vegetation may indicate a dry period or season.
Thick vegetation young crops or flowering plants in the field and a sky full of rain clouds indicate a rainy season
Clear sunny conditions with health vegetation and flowering plants or plants with fruits indicate summer season
Plants with young leaves others bloom and field full of grass indicates spring season
Hazy sky with leafless trees and some snow on the ground indicates winter season
Also when people appear to be wearing heavy clothes with faces almost completely covered, hand gloves and heavy boots it indicates cold weather, likely winter in temperate regions
People wear light clothes and some may even have broad-rimmed hats indicates hot weather
When houses appear to have slanting roofs it indicates the region experiencing a lot of precipitation which facilitates the easy flow of water from the roof of the house
If people appear to be planting then it is planting season the rains either are about to come or have just started
If the people appear to be weeding it is growing season for the crops and there is reduced rainfall
If people appear to be harvesting a crop it is harvesting season and probably dry season because harvesting normally takes place during dry weather.

ESTIMATING DIRECTION

It is possible to estimate direction on the photo using shadows if time and place are known
If a photograph shows trees whose shadow is on the right and is taken in the morning the photographers direction is south
If the shadow is pointing towards you on the photo and the photo was taken in the afternoon (sun was in the west) then the camera was facing westwards.

IDENTIFICATION AND INTERPRETATION OF PHYSICAL FEATURES

Many varieties of physical features can be identified on photographs. These includes features of relief, drainage and vegetation

A) RELIEF

It is necessary to first identify feature of relief on the given photograph. These features appear the way they do in real nature .When describing relief on photograph one should start giving a general idea about the area shown in the photograph.

On the ground photograph, it is possible to identify flat land scapes ,hilly areas and mountainous relief. Other details can be fitted within this general outlook.

B) DRAINAGE

Drainage features such as rivers, lakes and other alike water bodies can be easily identified on all types of photographs. On ground/Horizontal and some obliques rivers may not be easy to study because of obstruction and intervening obstacles ,

Different aspect of rivers can be studied including the shape of either valleys and develop of different features. For example ;presence of rapid waterfalls is an indication of river flowing over steep land , River meanders indicates the mature stage of the it or even old stage .Drainage pattern. May indicate the highland areas and normally can be taken by aerial photograph while presence of big meanders, lake or ocean indicate lowland areas with high rate of deposition as the effect of erosion done at highland areas.

C) VEGETATION

Photograph shows all types of vegetation present in the photographed area. It is however difficult to distinguish certain types of vegetation foristance natural from derived vegetation. Planted vegetation may be easier to identify because of their unique character .Trees in clear straight row and the same height in photograph indicate the planted forest ,where as random arrangement and height indicate the natural vegetation .

Photograph interpretation with thick forest and greenish indicate the area with arable rainfall and rich in fertile ,photographs with less vegetation indicate the area with less or no rainfall which referred as semi- arid and arid areas in this areas photos may also show cactus plants acacia trees, jacaranda plants etc

CLIMATE

Climate is not shown in a photograph but can be used to give conclusion on the type of an areas. The characteristics of the sky can give a clue about the weather and season when the photo was taken ,

(a) Presence of thick cumulus or cumulonimbus clouds indicate a rainy season while a clear sky may imply a dry season

(b)The type of clothing people in the photograph are wearing gives a clue about the weather and possible climate i.e. light clothe indicates the hot climate condition and heavy clothes indicates the cold condition

For example ; presence of numerous cacti may indicate the semi arid or arid climate ,crops such as sisal grown in hot areas that may receive low rainfall while sugar cane thrives in warm to hot climate with high rainfall.

IDENTIFICATION AND INTERPRETATION OF HUMAN ACTIVITIES

FARMING/ AGRICULTURE

Crop cultivation and live stock keeping

Vertical aerial photographs may require close scrutiny to be able to identify. It is fairly easy to distinguish these two types of ground photographs

Type of farming	Evidence to look for.
1. Subsistence crop farming	Some houses are permanent and others are temporary Land is divided in small portions
2. Subsistence live stock farming.	Mixed cropping Simple farm tools such as pangas and hoes Fields are separated by hedges Local and exotic animal breeds are kept Animal grazing on grassland/semi arid regions Large herds of indigenous cows and goats
3. Commercial live stock farming	RANCHING Large fields divided in paddocks Presence of cattle heads near farm houses Wind mills for water supply Presence of water tanks, ponds and reservoirs in dry areas Cattle dip on the farm. DRY FARMING High grade exotic cows with large udders Milk processing plant Indoor grazing unit
4. Commercial crop farming	Presence of cash crops on extensive area Modern farming methods (farm machinery) Facilities for collecting produce ( shades and stores) Presence of feeder routes in the farm
5. Plantation farming	A single crop on an extensive area Processing factories Presence of storage facilities Many laborers on the field

SETTLEMENTS

Settlement comprises a group of buildings in area where people live and carry out social and economic activities

Settlements may be of two main groups:

i) Rural

ii) Urban

RURAL SETTLEMENTS

Can be indicated by;

Simple semi permanent and permanent buildings such as grass roofed houses or iron roofed houses with mud or brick walls
Farming, grazing or fishing
Unplanned presence of villages

URBAN SETTLEMENTS

Permanent buildings
Regular street patterns
Many large buildings and ware houses for industrial area
High number of people if shown
Many motor vehicles
Port facilities [ docks, cranes, ware houses, containers]

INDUSTRIAL AND MINING ACTIVITIES

Evidences

Factory buildings with tall chimney for issuing smoke
Large ware houses next to the building
Large lorries carrying loads of rocks indicates open cast mining
A vast area with derrick/oil rigs indicate oil fields

Also lumbering activities

people cutting trees
people loading trees /lumber on lorries
logs floating down on rivers
logs pilled near a sawmill
large forest clearings
Many road ways ending on the forest.

Photograph Reading And Interpretation

Photograph

Types of photographs

1. HORIZONTAL PHOTOGRAPHS/GROUP PHOTOGRAPHS

2. OBLIQUE PHOTOGRAPHS

3) VERTICAL PHOTOGRAPHS

These are various differences between 3 types of photographs as follows.

Ground photographs

Vertical photographs

Oblique photographs

PARTS OF PHOTOGRAPH

Left

Centre

Right