The Concept of Movement and Locomotion
Explain the concept of movement and locomotion
refers to change of position and posture. Therefore the change of
position of body parts such as limbs and other body parts.
Since
locomotion involves coordination between nervous muscular and skeletal
system and all these system enable the organism to locomote.
The Importance of Movement in Animals and Plants
Explain the importance of movement in animals and plants
Animals and plants move about to:
- Find a mate and to reproduce
- Escape danger
- Seek and capture food
- To seek shelter, a suitable habitat/climate
- To avoid competition for food/water, living space etc
- Find water/soil nutrients, and hold leaves to get maximum sunlight
- Seek and capture food
- Obtain support
- Protect themselves from damage from: touch/pressure, pain or sudden temperature change
- Disperse seeds
Movement and Locomotion Actions
Demonstrate movement and locomotion actions
Demonstration of movement and locomotion
Movement of the Human Body, the Human Skeletal SystemÂ
Describe the structures of human skeleton
contraction and relaxation of muscles cause muscular movement in
vertebrate organisms such as man. The muscles work together with
skeletal system to support or allow movement to occur.
BONES, CARTILAGE, JOINTS AND MUSCLES
Major Components of the Human Skeleton includeBones, Cartilage, Joints and Muscles
Bones
Bones
consist of living cells embedded in a hard substance made mainly: The
bones are attached together at the joints by tough flexible fibers known
as ligaments
Bones are classified in to long, short, irregular bones and flat.
Short bones these are short bones, which support weight allowing for many smaller movements. Example bones on the human feet.
Long bones
these are strong, hollow and light containing spongy bone at the end.
And spongy bone has open space and holes, which contain red marrow,
which is where red cells are made. Example bones on the legs and arms.
Flat bones these are bones, which support and protect body organs, these comprises ribs, breastbone, shoulder bones etc.
Irregular bones these bones are for support and such bones are vertebrae also human ear has three tiny irregular bones, which conduct sound.
Besides bones, the skeletal system has tissue called cartilage. It’s the strong flexible tissue that gives shape to some parts of the body
The cartilage keeps bones from grinding against each other, between vertebrae cartilage disks act as shock absorbers
Before birth bones are made mostly of cartilage whose cells absorb calcium after birth to produce bones
Joints
The human skeleton has about seventy movable joints.
Hinge joint is the joint which allows movement in one direction Example elbow
Functions of Skeleton include:
- The human skeleton provides mechanical support for the body
- Protection for internal organs e.g. skeleton of head protects the brain while chest bones protect soft organs such as the heart
- Skeleton functions as framework for anchoring the muscles
- Skeleton, together with muscles, function to bring about movement in an organism
Muscles and Movement
The Concept of Muscles
Explain the concept of muscles
A muscle is a tissue consisting of cells that have the capacity to
contract and exert a pull. Muscles are made up of specialized tissues,
which are known as contractile tissues. When these tissues contract they
become shorter and tighter, as a result they cause movement. All
muscles are made up of elongated cells called muscle fibers.
Types of Muscles
Mention types of muscles
There are three kinds of muscles in the body of a mammal. These muscles are
skeletal muscles (voluntary), smooth (involuntary) muscles and cardiac
muscles.
How Muscles Facilitate Movement
Demonstrate how muscles facilitate movement
Muscles are attached to bones at two points:
At one point a muscle is usually attached to an immovable bone and other end to a movable bone.
Muscles may be attached directly or indirectly by means of tendons. Tendons are
tough whitish cords of fibrous materials which connect a bone and a
muscle
Muscles can contract and relax, but not expand when
muscle contracts it becomes shorter and thicker and hence, exerts a
pulling force on bone to which it is attached at a point of insertion.
When a muscle relaxes, it lengthens and becomes thinner
Most muscles act in pairs in such a manner that when one member of the pair
contracts the other member relaxes. This means that they never contract
or relax at the same time
Muscles acting in pairs in this manner
are known as antagonistic muscles. One member of the pair is called
extensor while the other member is the flexor
biceps and triceps muscles bringing about the bending and straightening
of the limb.
When the triceps (extensor) muscle contracts the limb is straightened. The
contraction of the triceps is accompanied by the relaxation of the
biceps (flexor). When the biceps muscle contracts the arm bends.
Structure of mucles
Adaptations of Different Types of Muscles to their Roles
Explain adaptations of different types of muscles to their roles
Skeletal Muscles
- These are the muscles, which are attached to bones of the skeleton
- The skeletal muscles contract powerfully and fatigue quickly
- Their contractions are controlled by the brain for this reason they are called voluntary muscles
Function of Skeletal Muscles
- Skeletal muscles are concerned with the movement of the limbs and parts of the skeleton
Smooth Muscles
Smooth (involuntary) muscles are found on the walls of internal organs such as alimentary canal, blood vessels and bladder.
- These muscles are made up of cells which taper at both ends (spindle shaped)
- Smooth muscles contract slowly
- The contraction of the smooth muscle is involuntary (it is not controlled by the brain)
Function of Smooth Muscles
to cause movements of materials through them.
Example: peristalsis in alimentary canal causes movements of the materials through the canal with the help of smooth muscles.
Cardiac Muscles
This is the type of muscle, which is found only in the heart. These muscles
are made up of muscle fibers which branch and connect to each other like
a network.
- Contraction of cardiac muscles causes the heart to keep on pumping (i.e. heart beat)
Causes, Effects and Preventive Measures of Muscles Cramps
Explain causes effects and preventive measures of m cramps
not relax. The cramp may involve a part of muscle, the entire muscle or
several muscles that usually act together. Any of the muscles that are
not at our voluntary control can cramp.
hard in hot weather they sweat a lot and get painful cramps in their
legs, arms or stomach.
Causes Muscle Cramps
- Lack of water or salt in the body
- Lack of oxygen in the muscles (inadequate oxygenation of muscles)
- Cramps from poor breathing (lack of oxygen) can be improved by rapid breathing as well as stretching the muscles
- A
muscle cramp from lack of water or salt can be treated by stretching
the muscles and drinking many glasses of water, which contain salt so as
to replace the amount of salt lost in the body
Treatment of Muscle Cramps
Applying a soft massage on the cramped muscle, stretching the muscle and
applying oil ointment on the affected area, can treat a muscle cramp.
Explain the concept of movement in plants (movement of curvature)
However, movement of individual plant organs is possible and modified by
sensitivity of the plant to external stimuli.
Plant movements in response to internal stimuli are known as spontaneous movement.
conditions, vex ages and parental influence Those movements shown by
plants in response to external stimuli are known as induced or irritablemovements.
Types of Movement Exhibited by Plants
Mention types of movement exhibited by plants
Normally there are two types of plant movements, which are:
- Spontaneous movement
- Induced (irritable) movement
Spontaneous Movement
is plant movement in response to internal stimuli. Example of these
movements are metabolic conditions, disease conditions, vex ages and
parental influences
Induced or Irritable Movement
is the type of plant movement shown by plants in response to external
stimuli. Light, temperature, gravity, touch, water and chemical
substances are examples of induced movement.
- Light
- Chemicals
- Water
- Temperature
- Contact
- Gravity
- Gravitactic or Gravitaxis
Tropic Movements in Plants
movements are the growth movements shown by a fixed part of a
stationary plant towards or away from a stimulus coming from one
direction. Tropic movements are also known as tropism movements.
Tropic
(tropism) is growth movements, which take place at a very slow pace.
The growth movement is caused by an increased or decreased rate of
growth on the side of the organ, which is under the influence of the
stimulus, with respect to the opposite side. This results in growth in
curvature.
> Phototropism or phototropic which is a growth movement shown by part of a fixed plant in response to light
> Hydrotropism (Hydrotropic) which is growth movement in a response to water
> Thigmotropism (Thigmotropic) which is the growth movement in response to touch
> Chemotropism (Chemotropic) which is a growth movement made by plants towards chemicals
> Thermotropism (Thermotropic), a growth movement shown in plants in response to heat.
Experiments to Investigate Movement in Plants
Carry out experiments to investigate movement in plants
An experiment to investigate movement in plants
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