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Physics Form Three Full Notes Topic 2: Friction | Physics Form 3 Application Of Vectors Physics Form Three Notes

TOPIC TOPIC 7: MEASUREMENT OF THERMAL ENERGY | PHYSICS FORM 3

Heat Capacity

Heat capacity is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of an object or substance by one degree. The temperature change is the difference between the final temperature ( Tf) and the initial temperature ( Ti).
The Factors which Determine Heat Quality of a Substance
Explain the factors which determine heat quality of a substance
Heat is a form of energy transferred between bodies due to difference in temperature between them. The energy possessed by the body due to its temperature is called the internal thermal energy. The heat content is due to the random motion of the particles that make up the body. The
heat content is determined by its mass, temperature change and the specific heat capacity of the substance.
The Heat Capacity
Determine the heat capacity
Heat capacity is the quantity of heat required to raise the temperature of a substance by one degree Celsius.
Heat capacity = mass of the substance X specific heat capacity
Thus H.C = MC
Also
Example 1
Find the heat capacity of a lump of copper of mass 50kg. The specific heat capacity of copper is 420 J/ Kg ºc.
Data Given
Mass of copper, M= 50kg
The specific heat capacity of copper, C = 420J/KgºC
Required: To calculate heat capacity, H.C.
H.C = MC
= 50Kg x 420J/KgºC
= 21600J
=21KJ
Calculating a quantity of heat
  • The quantity of heat required to change the temperature of a body with mass, M Kg by Q degree Celsius is MCQ joules.
  • In order to raise the temperature of a body, heat must be supplied to it.
  • In order to lower its temperature, heat must be removed from it.
The Heat Equation is therefore written:
Heat Gained or Heat Lost = Mass X specific heat capacity X change in temperature
Change in temperature:
H =MCQ
Where
H=Heat gained / lost
M= Mass of the body
Q= change (Rise or fall) In Temperature of the body.
Example 2
Water
of mass 3kg is heated from 26ºc to 96ºC. Find the amount of heat
supplied to the water given that the specific heat capacity of water is
4.2 x 103 J / Kg ºc
Data Given
Mass of water, M = 3Kg
Specific Heat capacity, C = 4.2 X 103 j / Kgº C
Initial temperature, Qi= 26 ºC
Final Temperature, Qf = 96ºC
Required
The amount of heat, H
H= MCQ
C = H/MQ
H = MCQ
H = 3Kg x 4.2 x103 (96-26) ºC
C= 882000J= 882KJ
The Specific Heat Capacity
Determine the specific heat capacity
Specific
heat capacity is the quantity of heat required to raise the temperature
of a unit mass of a substance by one degree Celsius.
The quantity of heat supplied to or taken away from a body depends on:
  1. The mass of the body, M
  2. The temperature different, ΔT
  3. The thermal properties of the body.
Transfer of Heat
Heat energy tends to flow from High temperatures to Low temperatures
If
you pick up a warm object, heat energy transfers from the object to
your hands and your hands feel warm. If you pick up a cool object, heat
energy transfers from hands to the object and your hands feel cold.
Determining specific Heat capacity
  • Calorimeter – Is the special instrument or vessel used for measurement of Heat.
  • Calorimeter is highly polished metal can usually made of copper or aluminium.
  • It is flitted with an insulating cover in which there are two holes.
  • Two holes allow a thermometer and a stirrer to be inserted.
  • The stirrer is made of the same metal as that of the calorimeter.

Demonstration of the specific Heat capacity of a solid
Determining specific Heat capacity by Method of Calculation.
Heat lost by solid, Hs = Ms x Cs (Qs – Qf)
Heat Gained by Calorimeterand stirrer, Hc = Mc x Cc (Qf – Qi)
Heat Gained by Water, HW = Mw x Cw (Qf – Qi)
But
the heat lost by the solid is equal to heat gained by the calorimeter
and stirrer plus the heat gained by the water in the calorimeter.
Hs = Hc + Hw
But
Heat gained by a calorimeter and content equal to heat lost by the solid.
Thus Hc + Hl = Hs
Mc Cc (Qf – Qi) + Mi Ci ( Qf-Qi) = Ms Cs ( Qs-Qs)
Example 3
A
piece of metal with a mass of 200g at a temperature of 100ºC is quickly
transferred into 50g of water at 20ºC find the final temperature of the
system ( specific Heat capacity of water Cw = 4200J/ Kg ºC specific
Heat capacity of the metal Cm = 400J/KgºC.
Ms Cs (Qs-Qf) = Mc Cc (Qf-Q) Mm Cw (Qf-Ql)
Where:
Cs. Is the specific Heat capacity of the solids.
Determining the specific heat capacity of liquid, Cl
By calculation method;
Heat Gained by calorimeter and stirrer
Hc = Mc Cc (Qf – Qi)
Heat Gained by liquid
Hi = ML CL (Qf – Qi)
Heat lost by the solid
Hs = Ms Cs ( Qs-Qf)
Let
Q be the final Temperature of the system
If there are no heat Losses to the surroundings, then.
(Heat gained by water) = (Heat lost by metal)
210 (Q-20) = 80(100 – Q)
21(Q-20) = 8 (100-Q)
21Q – 420 = 800 – 8Q
21Q +8Q = (800+420)
29Q = 1220
Q = (1220/29)
Q = 42.1ºC

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